Secularism

This is an excellent and sympathetic introduction to secularism as an approach to the 'ordering of communities, nations, and states', in other words its political rather than religious implications, although the two are often closely tied. The three key elements defined by the French scholar Jean Bauberot are separation of religious institutions from the state and no domination of the political sphere by religious institutions; freedom of thought, conscience and religion for all; and no state discrimination against anyone on the grounds of a religious or non-religious worldview, implying equal treatment. The demand for freedom of thought and conscience is an important outcome of the Enlightenment and the impulses of the French and American revolutions - here Jefferson, who was also ambassador to France, played a key role. This book introduces the main themes and the historical emergence of much that we take granted in terms of freedom, dignity and democracy. It is timely in explaining the case for and against secularism as well as different conceptions. Popper's conception of the open and closed society is as relevant as ever, especially in terms of tolerance at a time of resurgent religious identities and nationalisms, as well as the instability implied by increasing migration. It turns out that although 90% of states guarantee freedom of religion or belief in their fundamental law, 80% of these states still restrict minority religions in prejudicial ways. We have also seen incidents involving blasphemy, education and dress, especially here in France. It is good to be reminded of the importance of fundamental political rights and I am reminded of a quote from Voltaire to the effect that he disagreed completely with another's views, but would totally defend his right to express them.